Thursday, 17 September 2020

Curatorial essay // WHEN YOU LOOK AND YOU CAN’T SEE // SUPRAINFINIT Gallery: Ziad Antar // 17 Sep – 24 Oct, 2020

WHEN YOU LOOK AND YOU CAN’T SEE

SUPRAINFINIT Gallery: Ziad Antar

Curated by Mihaela Varzari

17 Sep – 24 Oct, 2020

Curatorial essay

The exhibition WHEN YOU LOOK AND YOU CAN’T SEE brings together works in photography, video and sculpture by the Lebanese artist Ziad Antar spanning the last 10 years. The main exhibition space of the SUPRAINFINIT Gallery hosts the 10 photographs from the series After Images (2016) and Dark Matter (2017), as well as the video La Souris (2009). The vitrines’ walls, visible only from outside, introduce the third series of photographic works, Cactus (2014) and are part of an installation that include a public sculpture.

After Images is the result of Antar’s long term engagement with photographing the Arabian Peninsula, emirate by emirate. His visit to Asir, south west region of Saudia Arabia, was related to a controversial theory by Lebanese historian Kamal Salibi, which advocates that the origin of the Bible is in Arabia, specifically the region of Asir. Knowing he was going to take pictures in Arabia, Antar used an old camera, passed on to him by a relative, only to realize that once he arrived at Abha airport, the lens had gone missing. What followed was a photographic documentation of the region using a lens-less camera, and it resulted in these blurs of light and color, sumptuous and sensorial, which portray no specific place at all. Some of them seem to be taken under seawater, others are luminous and capture the sun itself, and if you squint a nuclear explosion may appear, or amorphous shapes colored in black and white shadows. Hans Ulrich Obrist, the co-curator together with Manal Khader of Antar’s exhibition After Images: Stories from the Mountains of Asir (2016) observes, in his curatorial text, the liberating function of these non-representations, these smears of color. He comments: ‘They are a statement against sacredness and offer a possibility of freedom in a very turbulent landscape.’[1] This challenging of religious doctrine and convention through radically profane readings of them, recalls a similar irreverence that Antar enacts upon photography itself. In using it against its intended purpose, as he sets out to do in his lens-less landscape images, we may recall Maurice Blanchot’s ideas concerning the image and fascination, whereby the image must pass through a series of deaths in order to become visible and fully severed from its referent. Antar’s treatment of the photographic image; the deliberate over-exposure, lack of clarity, absence of perspective; are the very opposite of the attributives we usually associate with photography’s principle strengths, but which are also, nevertheless, possibilities of the medium, specifically its unavowable possibilities. 

 
Exhibition view

The title of the exhibition WHEN YOU LOOK AND YOU CAN’T SEE evokes a blind spot; a visual typology and an economy of seeing, that Antar’s works are invested in. Albert Camus anti-hero Mersault is also familiar with a kind of blind spot – he suffers a visual outage on a beach in French Algiers, and kills an arab. No other reason is given for this murder than this momentary blindness caused by the overwhelming sunlight. The blind spot, for Mersault, functions as an alibi for his murder, as it does in Antar’s works but for different reasons. Here it legitimizes, without judgment or sentimentality, a state of affairs. The landscape speaks for itself. From blinded, dazzled, by too strong a light, such as that of sun, to the final limit of day, which is night, the series Dark Matter, the second photographic works in the exhibition, rejoin Antar’s investigation into what may constitute visibility. Over the recent years, Antar amassed a vast collection of photographs taken with his mobile phone in the night, and he asked his friends to send him night photographs. The images would then be overexposed in Photoshop until some shapes or colors emerge. The resulting images are undeniably arbitrary; undistinguished patterns of pixelated surfaces, some of them in vibrant synthetic colors, others muddier or even opaque. Dark Matter raises a series of questions related to digitalism; the first, an older issue, goes back to the French avant-garde, and asks what it means to be an artist in an era oversaturated by images; the second addresses the persistence of an ever expanding narcissism, perhaps a symptom of the pervasiveness of social media. Antar turns his phone away from himself and transforms it into a collective experience by involving his friends to play along for fun, who upon request sent over shots taken in the night. The photograph of beams of light in the dark has been selected for its suggestive traces of a shared physical experience, and we are left to speculate on the source of its origin; a drunk friend during a concert in the middle of the night or merely an accidental pocket photo. In both series what started as a documenting project, ended up with an ‘archiving’ of light and a production of aberrant forms and color, whereby the medium of photography becomes the main character.

Living in an area where Antar comes from, in many ways, marked by conflict, proxy or otherwise, his work indirectly touches upon Lebanon’s recent troubled history. The video La Souris amusingly captures that uncomfortable truth specific to almost all power based relationships; that of complicity. A simple setting is composed of a toy mouse being repeatedly directed at a real mousetrap. Lucky in its few chances to cheat death, finally the trap snaps shut. The unexpected ending shows the mouse sitting parallel to the trap in some sort of perverse pact. Trained as a film maker, Antar demystifies this medium by using it in its most rudimentary way, a thread which runs throughout his entire practice, whereby lack of facilities and means of production are taken as artistic provocations.
 
 
Exhibition view
Antar’s videos are translations of his ideas into the realm of the moving image, as already noted, and this process of mediation is responsible for his photo-sculptures, the results of transforming photographs into three-dimensional objects. And so the third photographic series present in the exhibition covers both of the gallery’s vitrines, but visible only from outside. While documenting Beirut, also known as the city of cacti, Antar decided to photograph them; an exercise perhaps in self-exoticization through an over-identification with such a recognizable national symbol. Close to the gallery’s vitrines, in a public mini park, a sculpture in cement and resin representing a mature cactus has been installed. As enigmatic as it is, to make a replica of a cactus, it reflects Antar’s artistic practice, which develops intuitively away from conceptualization, and only after a work is complete, certain explanations emerge. There is another reason made apparent more recently, which Antar explains, namely how cacti were used as fences in Prehistory, for protection against animals, as well as for marking private property; hence the inevitable wars. The cactus, according to Antar, has trapped streaks of violence within its history. We shall see how the people of Bucharest will react upon encountering this prickly, solitary, self-sufficient, hard to handle and difficult to love plant in concrete, and how it will stand as an autonomous piece of artwork. 
 
Exhibition view


[1] After Images: Stories from the Mountains of Asir, Contributions by Hans Ulrich Obrist, Yahya Amqassim, Manal Khader, Yasmina Jraissa, Kaph 2016, p.18

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The exhibition is organised by Suprainfinit gallery as part of the project 'What's love got to do with it?' co-financed by The Administration of the National Cultural Fund.
The project does not necessarily represent the position of the Administration of the National Cultural Fund. AFCN is neither responsible of the project content or of the way in which the project results may be used. These are entirely the responsibility of the grant beneficiary.

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Eseu curatorial

Mihaela Varzari

Traducere din engleză în romană de Mihaela Varzari

 

Expoziția CÂND TE UIȚI ȘI NU POȚI SĂ VEZI reunește lucrări de fotografie, video și sculptură ale artistului libanez Ziad Antar, realizate pe ultimii 10 ani. Principalul spațiu expozițional al Galeriei SUPRAINFINIT găzduiește cele 10 fotografii din seria Post imagini (2016) și Materie neagră (2017), videoul Șoarecele (2009). Pereții vitrinilor, vizibili doar din exterior, introduc a treia serie de lucrări fotografice, Cactus (2014), și face parte dintr-o instalație care include o sculptură publică.

Post imagini este rezultatul implicării lui Antar pe termen lung cu fotografierea Peninsulei Arabe, emirat cu emirat. Vizita sa în Asir, în sud-vestul Arabiei Saudite, a fost inițiată de controversata teorie a istoricului libanez Kamal Salibi, care susține că originea Bibliei se află în Arabia, în mod special în regiunea Asir. Știind că urma să fotografieze în Arabia, Antar a folosit un aparat de fotografiat vechi, cadou de la o rudă, pentru a-și da seama că odată ajuns la aeroportul din Abha, lentila dispăruse. Rezultatul a fost o documentare fotografică a regiunii folosind un aparat fără lentile. Consecința a fost aceste pete de lumină și culoare, luxuriante și senzoriale, care nu desemnează spații specifice. Unele dintre ele par a fi imagini subacvatice, altele sunt strălucitoare și captează soarele iar dacă vă incruntați o explozie nucleară se poate întrezări iat altele prezintă forme amorfe colorate în umbre alb-negru. Hans Ulrich Obrist, co-curatorul impreuna cu Manal Khader al expozitiei, Post imagini: Povești din munții Asir (2016) a lui Antar, observă funcția eliberatoare a acestor non-reprezentări, acestor urme de culoare, în textul curatorial. El comentează: ‚Sunt o declarație împotriva sacralității și oferă o posibilitate de elibertate într-un peisaj foarte turbulent.[1]’ Această provocare adresată doctrinelor și convențiilor religioase printr-o interpretare profund profană, devine simultană cu ireverența  pe care Antar o adoptă față de mediul fotografic. Folosindu-l împotriva scopului său principal, așa cum își propune să facă în imaginile sale de peisaj realizate fără lentile, putem aminti ideile lui Maurice Blanchot referitoare la imagine și fascinație, cum că  imaginea trebuie să treacă printr-o serie de morți pentru a deveni vizibilă și complet desprinsă de referent. Manipularea imaginii fotografice de către Antar; supraexpunerea ei deliberată, lipsa de claritate, absența perspectivei; sunt opuse atributelor pe care le asociem cu principalele puncte forte ale fotografiei dar care devin cu toate acestea palpabile posibilități ale mediului, mai ales posibilitățile lui ‚tăinuite’.

 
Exhibition view

Titlul expoziției CÂND TE UIȚI ȘI NU POȚI SĂ VEZI evocă un punct mort; o tipologie vizuală și o economie de vedere,  care îmbogățesc lucrările lui Antar. Mersault, anti-eroul lui Albert Camus, este de asemenea, familiarizat cu un fel de punct mort - suferă o întrerupere vizuală pe o plajă din Algerul francez, și ucide un arab. Niciun alt motiv nu este oferit pentru crimă decât această orbire momentană cauzată de lumina copleșitoare a soarelui, care i-a provocat orbire temporară . Punctul mort, pentru Mersault, funcționează ca un alibi pentru crima sa, așa cum se întâmplă în lucrările lui Antar, dar din diferite motive. Aici legitimează, fără a emite judecăți și fără vreo urmă de sentimentalism, o stare de fapt. Peisajul vorbește de la sine. De la orbire, uluire, de o lumină prea puternică, precum cea a soarelui, până la limita finală a zilei, care este noaptea, Materie neagră, a doua serie de lucrări fotografice din expoziție, se alătură analizei lui Antar asupra a ceea ce constituie vizibilitate. În ultimii ani, Antar a format o colecție vastă de fotografii făcute cu telefonul mobil, precum și de către prietenii săi, care, la cerere, au trimis fotografii făcute în timpul nopții. Imaginile au fost apoi supraexpuse în Photoshop până când au apărut unele forme sau culori. Imaginile rezultate sunt incontestabil arbitrare și variază între modele neidentificabile ale suprafețelor pixelate, unele dintre ele variind de la culori sintetice vibrante până la griuri întunecate aproape de negru. Materie neagră ridică o serie de întrebări legate de digitalism; prima, adresată de avangarda franceză, care întreabă ce înseamnă să fii artist într-o epocă suprasaturată de imagini; a doua abordează persistența narcisismul în continuă expansiune, poate un simptom al omniprezenței rețelelor de sociale. Antar își re-direcționează telefonul, și îl folosește pentru a crea o experiență colectivă prin implicarea prietenilor, care la rugămintea lui, ii trimit fotografii făcute noaptea amuzându-se. Fotografia care captează  raze de lumină în întuneric a fost selectată pentru că sugerează urme ale unei experiențe fizice comune și ne permitem să speculăm sursa sa de origine; un prieten beat în timpul unui concert în toiul nopții sau doar o fotografie accidentală de buzunar. În ambele serii, ceea a început ca un proiect de documentare, a sfârșit prin „arhivarea” luminii, care la rândul său a creat aberații de formă și culoare, prin care mediul fotografic devine personajul principal. 

 
Exhibition view

Locuind în zona din care provine Antar, în multe privințe, marcată de conflicte, proxy sau de altă natură, opera sa se suprapune indirect cu istoria tulbure recentă a Libanului. Videoul Soarecele surprinde, într-o manieră destul de ilară, un adevăr inconfortabil, cu unele excepții, specific oricărei relații bazate pe control, și anume cel al complicității. Un mise-en-scène simplu este compus dintr-un șoarece de jucărie care este îndreptat în mod repetat către o capcană de șoareci reală. Norocos în puținele șanse de a trișa moartea, in final capcana se închide. Finalul neașteptat arată șoarecele așezat paralel cu capcana într-un fel de pact pervers. Educat in regie de film, Antar demistifică acest mediu folosindu-l în cel mai rudimentar mod, un fir roșu care parcurge întreaga sa practică, în care lipsa facilităților și a mijloacelor de producție devin provocări artistice.

Exhibition view

S-a remarcat deja că videourile lui Antar sunt traduceri ale ideilor sale în domeniul imaginii dinamice. Acest proces de mediere este responsabil pentru foto-sculpturi, rezultate ale transformării fotografiilor în obiecte tridimensionale, procedeu deja folosit cu alte ocazii. A treia serie fotografică prezentă în expoziție, acoperă pereții ambelor vitrini ale galeriei vizibile doar din exterior. În timp ce documenta Beirut-ul, cunoscut și sub numele de orașul cactușilor, Antar a decis să-i fotografieze; un exercițiu de autoexotizare prin identificarea excesivă cu un astfel de simbol național recunoscut. În imediata apropiere a vitrinelor galeriei, a fost amplasată într-un mini parc, o sculptură în ciment și rășină reprezentând un cactus matur. Oricât de enigmatic ar fi  creearea unei replici, acest aspect reflectă practica artistică a lui Antar, care se dezvoltă intuitiv, departe de conceptualizare și numai după finalizarea unei lucrări, anumite explicații sunt oferite. Există și un alt motiv, pe care Antar îl explică mai recent, și anume modul în care cactușii au fost folosiți în loc de garduri în Preistorie, pentru protecție împotriva animalelor, precum și pentru marcarea proprietății private, de unde inevitabil survin și războaie. Potrivit lui Antar, istoria cactusului are întipărită în ea violență. Așteptam reacția bucureștenilor la vederea aceastei plante spinoase, solitară, autosuficientă, greu de manevrat și dificit de iubit, turnată în beton; și cum va reuși să existe ca o piesă de artă autonomă.


[1] Post imagini: Povesti din Munții Asir, texte de Hans Ulrich Obrist, Yahya Amqassim, Manal Khader, Yasmina Jraissa, Kaph 2016, p.18

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Această expoziție este organizată de galeria Suprainfinit și face parte din proiectul cultural 'What's love got to do with it?' co-finantțt de Administrația Fondului Cultural Național. Proiectul nu reprezintă în mod necesar poziția Administrației Fondului Cultural Național. AFCN nu este responsibilă de conținutul proiectului sau de modul în care rezultatele proiectului pot fi folosite. Acestea sunt în întregime responsabilitatea beneficiarului finantarii.

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[1] After Images: Stories from the Mountains of Asir, Contributions by Hans Ulrich Obrist, Yahya Amqassim, Manal Khader, Yasmina Jraissa, Kaph 2016, p.18

[2] Post imagini: Povesti din Munții Asir, Texte de Hans Ulrich Obrist, Yahya Amqassim, Manal Khader, Yasmina Jraissa, Kaph 2016, p.18

Thursday, 10 September 2020

Press Release: Ziad Antar // WHEN YOU LOOK AND YOU CAN'T SEE // Curated by Mihaela Varzari // SUPRAINFINIT Gallery, Bucharest

PRESS RELEASE 

 

Ziad Antar | Solo Exhibition
WHEN YOU LOOK AND YOU CAN'T SEE
Curated by Mihaela Varzari
17.09 - 17.10.2020
 

Opening // Thursday, September 17 // 17:00 - 22:00 

SUPRAINFINIT Gallery
www.suprainfinit.com
Mantuleausa St. 22
Bucharest

 

Ziad Antar (b. 1978, Sidon, Lebanon) creates photographic works that hover between the medium’s potential for accidents, for claiming the hazardous, and its intended meaning for documentation. When you look and you can’t see presents a series of 10 photographic works, a video work and an installation which occupies the gallery’s both vitrines, and the Mântuleasa Mini Park, situated in close vicinity.

Antar presents three distinct groupings of recent photographic works. Out of ten pieces, six are shot using an analog camera, and are part of the series After Images (2016). They are the outcome of his research initiated in 2011 in the region of Asir, in Arabia Peninsula, which looks at the relationship between mythology, history and geography. The four remaining pieces, which belong to the series Dark Matter (2017), are shot using mobile phones; a reaction to the vertiginous obsession with the self, a symptom of digitalism. Both series create non-images, formless blurs reminiscent of crepuscular landscapes. Obliquely delving into local history, the third series Cactus (2014) is part of an installation viewable outside of the gallery. This work presents photographic documentation of a variety of cactuses, a symbol for Beirut, where Antar currently resides, and is paired with a public sculpture made in concrete of a full-scale mature cactus. The recent troubled history of Lebanon is alluded to in the video La Souris (2009), which plays with the invisible complicity specific to any power based relationship, by staging a simple instance involving a toy mouse and a trap. The title of the exhibition WHEN YOU LOOK AND YOU CAN’T SEE evokes a blind spot; a fissure of vision, that Antar’s works encourage us to stay with. 

 

                                    Ziad Antar, Dark Matter XII (2016), photograph, 120 x 90cm. Courtesy of the Artist

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Ziad Antar (1978, Sidon) is a Lebanese video artist and photographer. Antar’s work has been acquired by public and private collections, including the Centre Georges Pompidou, the British Museum, the Louis Vuitton Foundation and the Aishti Foundation, among others. He is also the co-founder of “La Vitrine,” a non-commercial, street-level space for site-specific interventions. He studied Agricultural Engineering at the American University of Beirut before turning to video and arts with a residency at the Palais de Tokyo in Paris (2003) and a post-diploma at the École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts, Paris (2004). Ziad Antar lives and works between Beirut and Paris.

Mihaela Varzari (1978, Iași, Romania) is an independent curator and a PhD candidate in History of Art at University of Kent, where she focuses on artist collectives emerging around 1994 dedicated to employing the internet as an artistic medium. Her research makes use of narcissism, as it has been theorized in psychoanalysis, and political economy, as expressed by the philosopher Bernard Stiegler’s specific use of proletarianisation. She has previously studied at Birkbeck and Goldsmith Colleges between 2009 and 2015. In 2008 she has started publishing art criticism texts for Revista ARTA (Bucharest), thisistomorrow (London), IDEA arts+society (Cluj), as well as a series of catalogue essays. Mihaela Varzari lives and works in London.

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The exhibition is organised by Suprainfinit gallery as part of the project 'What's love got to do with it?' co-financed by The Administration of the National Cultural Fund.
The project does not necessarily represent the position of the Administration of the National Cultural Fund. AFCN is neither responsible of the project content or of the way in which the project results may be used. These are entirely the responsibility of the grant beneficiary.

Thursday, 3 September 2020

Hatje Cantz Catalogue Essay (September 2020): DECEPTION. i-DESIRE. RADICAL OPTIMISM. Apparatus 22 – art collective

 

DECEPTION. i-DESIRE. RADICAL OPTIMISM

Apparatus 22 – art collective

Text by Mihaela Varzari

to be published by Hatje Cantz


Distinctly eclectic, fractured, non-heterogeneous and multidisciplinary in their approach, Apparatus 22 – a collective comprising artists Maria Farcaș, Erika Olea, Dragoș Olea and the late Ioana Nemeș (1979-2011) – employ a limitless range of everyday materials to create installations, performances, workshops, sculptures, and sound and text-based pieces, as well as interventions in public spaces. Their mishmash of practices and competing visions suggest an affinity with the historic avant-garde, which did not operate with stable barriers between visual art, cinema, music, theatre, costume design or fashion. The group were first brought together in Bucharest by a shared interest in experimental fashion during the early 2000s, before they formed the collective in 2011 as a result of a fortuitous encounter while on an IASPIS residency in Stockholm. In recent years, all its members have lived at different times in Bucharest, Turin and Brussels. With no background in the arts, Apparatus 22 came together motivated by an ethical drive to convey into art their own life experiences as they unfold. Their shared sensibility, informed by critical thinking, places them in the position of the hopeful pessimist, holding to a “radical optimism” (as they label it), which stems from vigilance in the face of the contradictions within an art system immersed in the logic of global late capitalism [i]. 

Vilem Flusser’s hypothesis on history after photography – that its goal is to become an image – resonates with the text-based works produced by Apparatus 22 for their solo show Several Laws: The Elastic Test in 2016. Writing on media and technology in the 1980s, Flusser seems to have anticipated many tropes of our era, which is dominated at all levels by the rampant acceleration of the internet. It is an era especially associated with fake news, which has arisen since Facebook allowed algorithms to select and publish news on its website in 2017[ii]. Such excessive mechanisms of self-deception specific to twenty-first century cognitive capitalism appear to inform Apparatus 22’s text-based works. Destined to engage with the post-internet era,[iii] they consist of condensed poetic texts, not lacking in wry humor. This series are impregnated by nostalgia for unfulfilled desires, which might be considered projections of the self as mediated by intelligent screens. The texts are tattooed on multi-colored canvases made out of stretched, untreated vellum, whose smell fills the entire exhibition space because animal skin, whilst such a versatile material for fashion in the form of leather, retains its olfactory quality when processed for use as parchment. This material, closely associated with the origins of inscription, places the art object at the intersection of a combative relationship between text and body. In the Marxian mode of wanting to change the world rather than merely interpret it, the collective decided to introduce this series of art works into the intellectual and art market with great care, showing caution as to how the works’ financial potential might affect what they wished to criticize; the collective chose their collectors and did not go for the highest bidder. 

Apparatus 22, UNTITLED (5), from SEVERAL LAWS. THE ELASTIC TEST series - exhibition view

object (leather, laser inscription, hand dyed in grey) | 2016 | 100x140 cm; image courtesy of the artists and GALLLERIAPIÙ, Bologna; photo by Stefano Maniero

Positive Tension (in the air) (2012) is a series of five participatory performances that focus on generating conversations with participants. It has since attracted multiple invitations from various cultural institutions across Europe, as well as within Romania itself. In its various permutations this ongoing work includes extensive questions on curating. What could be the biggest pieces of confetti in the world poses questions concerning the role of fashion in consumerism, written on large round multicolored pieces of paper. Thrown in the air in carnivalesque style, the confetti reclaimed for a brief moment the public square of the Museumsquartier in Vienna, for which the performances were initially conceived.

Apparatus 22, Positive Tension (In the Air) performance (in a series of 5 performances in public space) MuseumsQuartier Wien, Austria | 2012; image courtesy of the artists; photo by Laura Paraschiv
 

Apparatus 22 - Art is Work (drawing); Drawing |2012; image courtesy of the artists, MUMOK Vienna and Suprainfinit Gallery, Bucharest

The universal TuTa garment designed by the artist Thayah 4[i] formed the basis for the ongoing project Art is work (2011) 5[ii]. The initial 1919 design resembled a jumpsuit, similar to a worker’s uniform, whose pattern was made available to all in an attempt to unburden clothes from their social status by making them open-source. One hundred or so years later, the same cutting pattern is made available to download by Apparatus 22, who also manufacture the jumpsuits to be given away to artists for immediate wear at art openings. In their own words: “the plain uniform, available to all is an impossible position from which to start thinking about a new project”. It is an utopian ideal, which generates new attitudes vis-à-vis creation, production, distribution, reception and consumption, as well as towards the immaterial labor of late capitalism. Labor conditions are also examined in a quaint way by engaging with the life of magic, in Morpheus Buyback (2011), an elaborate performance and installation, complete with music, furs, seating areas, stories, fears, and desires. The inhabitants of Graz are asked to partake in a gift transaction, specific to archaic tradition, by retelling their nightmares in exchange for good luck charms, customized on the spot. 

 
 
Apparatus 22 - Morpheus Buyback; Installation & performance Drodesera Festival, Italy | 2012; image courtesy of the artists; photo by Alessandro Sala

 

Fashion used as catalyst for reflection and investigation allows Apparatus 22 to delve into a common imaginaire of pre-Christian tradition associated with myths and folklore, which is combined with their outright discontent with the Orthodox Church in Romania, invested as it has been with infinite political influence after the events of 1989. The critique of surplus value as it is produced by the art market maintains the group’s allegiance to utopian ideals, and sustains their particular appeal to political struggle in the related quest to bypass naïve and formulaic anti-capitalist attitudes.


[i] In its variety of instantiations, capitalism produced in Romania after the events of ’89 “nepotistic capitalism”, a self-explanatory term first coined by the former Romanian president Ion Iliescu (1989-1996 and 2000-2004). The Romanian-born writer and political dissident Dumitru Țepeneag (b. 1937), who lives in France, discussed this in his book Capitalism de cumetrie (Nepotistic capitalism) (Iași: Polirom, 2007).

 

[ii] Philip Mirowski, ‘The “logic” of Fake News’, 27 October 2017. At: http://www.perc.org.uk/project_posts/logic-fake-news-philip-mirowski-28th-october [accessed 1 June 2019].

 

3 “Post-Internet Art” is a term coined by the German artist Marisa Olson. See: “On the Internet, No One Knows You're a Doghouse” at: https://www.e-flux.com/architecture/post-internet-cities/140712/on-the-internet-no-one-knows-you-re-a-doghouse [accessed 15 May 2019].

4 [i] Thayaht, the alias of Ernesto Michahelles (1893-1959), was an artist and designer and a pioneer of the Italian Futurist movement in the 1920s.

5 [ii] Art is work by Apparatus 22 was part of the exhibition entitled Situated Knowledge: I follow rivers of thoughts, curated by Anca Mihuleț with the invited Romanian artist Olivia Mihalțeanu, and held at the Romanian Institute for Culture and Humanistic Research in Venice from 15 September to